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... tually use dir as well, but if you're used to MS-DOS, this could lead
to confusion when you try to use dir on your host bluffdale advertising system, where it won't
work, so it's probably better to just remember to always use ls for a
directory web advertising setubal while online).
The very first letter on each line tells you whether the listing is
for a directory or a file. If the first letter is a ``d,'' or an "l",
it's a directory. Otherwise, it's a file.
The rest of that weird set of letters and dashes consist of "flags"
that tell the ftp site who can look at, change or delete the file. You
can safely ignore it. You can also ignore the rest of the line until you
get to the second number, the one just before the date. This tells you
how large the file is, in bytes. If the line is for a directory, the
number gives you a rough indication web hosting service setubal of how many items are in that
directory -- a directory listing of 512 bytes is relatively small. Next
comes the date the file or directory was uploaded, followed (finally!) by
its name.
Notice the README.POSTING file up at the top of the directory. Most
archive sites have a "read me" document, which usually contains some
basic information about the site, its resources and how to use them.
Let's get this file, both for the information in it and to see how to
transfer files from there to here. At the ftp> prompt, type
get README
and hit enter. Note that ftp sites are no different from Unix sites in
general: they are case-sensitive. You'll see something like this:
200 PORT command successful.
150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for README (4444 bytes).
226 Transfer complete. 4444 bytes received in 1.177seconds (3.8 Kbytes/s)
And that's it! The file is now located in your home directory on your host
system, from which you can now download it to your own computer. The
simple "get" command is the key to transferring a file from an archive
site to your host system.
If you want to download more than one file at a time logo design setubal (say a bluffdale advertising series
of documents, use mget instead of get; for example:
mget *.txt
This will transfer copies of every file ending with .txt in the given
directory. Before each file is copied, you'll be asked if you're sure
you want it. Despite this, mget could still save you considerable
time -- you won't have to type in every single file name. If you want to
save even more time, and are sure you really want ALL of the given files,
type
prompt
before you do the mget command.
This will turn off the prompt, and all
the files will be zapped right into your home bluffdale advertising directory.
There is one other command to keep in mind.
If you want to get a
copy of a computer program, type
bin
and hit enter. This tells the ftp site and your host site that you are
sending a binary file, i.e., a program. Most ftp sites web advertising setubal now use binary web advertising setubal
format as a default, but it's a good idea to do this in case you've
connected to one of web advertising setubal the few that doesn't.
To switch to a directory, type
cd web advertising setubal directory-name
(substituting the name of the directory you want to access) and hit
enter. Type
ls
and hit enter to get the file listing for that particular directory.
To move back up the directory tree, type
cd ..
(note the space between the d and the first period) and hit enter. Or
you could type
cdup
and hit enter. Keep doing this design setubal until you get to the directory of
interest. Alternately, if you already know the directory web advertising setubal path of the
file you want (from our friend archie), after you connect, you could
simply type
get directory/subdirectory/filename
On many web hosting service setubal sites, files meant for public consumption are in the pub
or public directory; sometimes you'll see an info directory.
Almost every site has a bin directory, which at first flushing web advertising glance
sounds like a bin in which interesting stuff might be dumped. But it
actually stands for "binary" and is simply a place for the system
administrator to store the programs that run the ftp system. Lost+found
is another directory that looks interesting but actually never has
anything of public interest in them.
Before, you saw how to use archie. From our example, you can see
that some system administrators go a little berserk when naming files.
Fortunately, there's a way for you to rename the file as it's being
transferred.
Using our archie example, you'd type
get zterm-sys7-color-icons.hqx zterm.hqx
and hit enter. Instead of having to deal constantly with a file called
zterm-sys7-color-icons.hqx, you'll now have one called, simply,
zterm.hqx.
Those last three letters bring up something else: Many program files
are compressed to save on space and transmission time. In order to
actually use them, you'll have to use an un-compress program on them first.
7.4 ODD LETTERS -- DECODING FILE ENDINGS
There are a wide variety of compression methods in use. You can
tell which method was used by the last one to three letters at the end of
a file. Here are some of the more common ones and what you'll need to un-
compress the files they create (most of these decompression programs can
be located through archie).
.txt or .TXT By itself, this means the file is a document, rather than a
program.
.ps or .PS A PostScript document (in Adobe's page description
language). You can print this file on any PostScript
capable printer, or use a previewer, like GNU project's
GhostScript.
.doc or .DOC Another common "extension" for documents. No decompression
is needed, unless it is followed by:
.Z This indicates a Unix compression method. To uncompress,
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